Astrocytes are important regulatory elements in brain function. They respond to neurotransmitters and release gliotransmitters that modulate synaptic transmission. However, the cell- and ...
Multiple neuronal circuits for variable object–action choices based on short- and long-term memories
At each time in our life, we choose one or few behaviors, while suppressing many other behaviors. This is the basic mechanism in the basal ganglia, which is done by tonic inhibition and selective ...
New findings published in the journal Nature Neuroscience have shed light on a mysterious pathway between the reward center of the brain that is key to how we form habits, known as the basal ganglia, ...
Okazaki, Japan – Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor symptoms, such as trembling hands, muscle stiffness, and difficulty in initiation of movements, and it affects around 1% of people over ...
When a movement that has already been initiated must be suddenly stopped, a “hyperdirect” subthalamic nucleus pathway is called upon to override the primary motor control systems of the cerebral ...
Many people with Parkinson's disease develop abnormal movements called L-DOPA induced dyskinesia, a major side effect of long-term medication. The mechanism underlying this side effect has been ...
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