Nature

Local insulin-like growth factor-I of ventral prostate was upregulated during long-term castration and may function through the autocrine system

The prostate highly depends on androgens for its growth, development and functioning. Castration therapies aim at blocking signaling through the androgen receptor (AR), cause atrophy and epithelium ...
Nature

Testosterone improved erectile function by upregulating transcriptional expression of growth factors in late androgen replacement therapy model rats

We previously showed that castration of rats reduced erectile function over time; when testosterone replacement therapy was started 4 weeks after castration, erectile function improved. In this study, ...