Phase equilibrium calculations are central to understanding and modelling the behaviour of multi-component fluid systems under varying conditions of temperature, pressure, and composition. These ...

Non-equilibrium processes, such as heat conduction in a bar of metal, remain poorly characterized at the microscopic level. Detailed analysis of simple models can introduce a new degree of ...

A dynamic equilibrium is formed in a reversible reaction when the rates of the forward and reverse reaction are equal and the amounts of the reactants and the products remains constant. In this ...

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