The NC3Rs is a UK-based scientific organisation dedicated to replacing, refining and reducing the use of animals in research and testing (the 3Rs). We collaborate with scientists and organisations ...

Those, like me, who never read the original The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique by Russell and Burch (Methuen, London, 1959) will find this abridged version thought-provoking. Like many ...

The IACUC endorses the application of the 3 Rs ( Reduction, Replacement and Refinement) concept to the minimization of pain and distress in animals. Three Rs Presentation Multiple survival surgeries ...

While generally the absolute replacement of animals with nonanimal methods is more challenging than refinement or reduction, just because it will be challenging does not mean it is not worthwhile. On ...