Avoidance learning is part of an organism’s survival instinct, as it develops a response to evade a hostile stimulus before it happens. After experiencing an unpleasant stimulus, organisms start to ...

The startle response is a sudden, reflex-like response to an unexpected stimulus, such as a loud noise or bright light. It is an unlearned and largely unconscious defense mechanism shared by animals ...

Researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), and at Harvard Medical School have used mathematical modeling to show how individual cells appear capable of learning, a behavior once deemed ...