For instance, in the vasculature of the brain, blood vessels oscillate, expanding and contracting as needed. When there is neural activity, the arterioles expand to increase blood flow, oxygen and ...

During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...

Lymphatic vessels are thin, tubular structures with valve-like openings that collect lymph from the tissues and transport it throughout the body. Afferent lymphatics deliver lymph from tissues into ...