Version of Record: This is the final version of the article. The authors propose a new model of biologically realistic reinforcement learning in the direct and indirect pathway spiny projection ...

The vagus nerve is a vine of nerve fibers with roots in nearly every organ and shoots in the brain. It helps us detect a racing heart, rising blood pressure, stomachache, discomfort, an overzealous ...

Summary: Researchers identified a small group of dopamine neurons in the striatum that play a crucial role in balancing essential brain functions such as reward, cognition, and movement. This ...

Abstract: Physiological and psychophysical methods allow for an extended investigation of ascending (afferent) neural pathways from the ear to the brain in mammals, and their role in enhancing signals ...

Central amygdala neurons expressing protein kinase C-delta (CeA-PKCδ) are sensitized following nerve injury and promote pain-related responses in mice. The neural circuits underlying modulation of ...

Please provide your email address to receive an email when new articles are posted on . “Acute and chronic neurologic and neuro-ophthalmic symptoms continue to be described and characterized as our ...